Study Finds that Eco-Friendly Period Products May Hide Toxic Risk
A new peer-reviewed study has delivered worrying news: up to 30% of reusable menstrual hygiene products—including period underwear and washable pads—contain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as “forever chemicals.” This is troubling, given the surge in popularity of eco‑friendly period items marketed for sustainability and wellness.
What the Study Found
Researchers from Indiana University and the University of Notre Dame analyzed nearly 60 reusable products sourced globally, including period underwear, washable pads, menstrual cups, and incontinence garments. Nearly one in three items tested had PFAS levels high enough to suggest intentional use, particularly in period underwear (≈33%) and reusable pads (≈25%).
While menstrual cups and tampons mostly tested negative for PFAS—especially in layers that come into direct contact with skin or bodily fluids—the detection in fabric layers of reusable products raises health and environmental concerns.
Why PFAS Matter
PFAS are synthetic chemicals used for their water, stain, and grease resisting properties. They are persistent in the environment and human body and don’t break down easily, earning the nickname “forever chemicals.” Research has linked PFAS exposure to cancer, hormone disruption, immune dysfunction, and reproductive harm.
Experts highlight that menstrual products make close vaginal or vulvar contact with sensitive tissues, which could allow absorption of these toxins. While exact exposure levels remain under study, prolonged contact raises potential risk, especially for long‑term users.
A Growing Policy Response
In response to mounting evidence, several U.S. states—including California, Vermont, Colorado, Minnesota, Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut—have passed or proposed legislation banning PFAS in menstrual products. New York’s state legislature has also advanced Bill 1548 to restrict PFAS use in these items. However, federal regulation remains limited. Advocates, including environmental nonprofits like Women’s Voices for the Earth, are pushing for greater ingredient transparency and toxic chemical bans in feminine care products.
Consumer Recommendations
Avoid products that could contain PFAS, especially synthetic-period underwear or washable pads, unless manufacturers specifically confirm PFAS-free status.
Choose menstrual cups or tampons when possible—available evidence suggests these typically do not contain PFAS and offer safer reusable options.
Look for transparency—seek brands that share materials and chemical testing results. Not all reusable menstrual brands have intentionally added PFAS; the study confirmed some brands remain PFAS-free.
Advocate for ingredient disclosure laws in your state or nationally to ensure all menstrual hygiene products are tested and labeled accurately.
Environmental Implications
PFAS-containing products don’t just affect the wearer—they pose long-term environmental risks. Disposed period underwear and pads enter landfills, where PFAS leaches into soil and groundwater, contaminating drinking water and potentially entering the food chain.
Unlike disposable tampons or pads that decompose slowly, reusable products may persist for years while releasing chemicals continuously. This undermines the ecological benefit that has been a selling point for reusable menstrual items.
What’s Next in Research
The study’s initial findings identify which products contain PFAS, but researchers emphasize the need for deeper investigation. They plan to assess exactly which PFAS compounds are present, measure absorption risk, and study long-term exposure outcomes. This data is vital for informed regulation and safer product development.
While reusable menstrual products offer environmental advantages, a significant minority may expose users to toxic PFAS—posing both health and ecological concerns. Experts urge brands, regulators, and consumers to prioritize safer materials, ingredient disclosure, and ongoing research. In the meantime, consumers may choose medical-grade menstrual cups or organic tampons and stay informed on product content and legislation.