What to Know About Colorectal Cancer and Its Symptoms
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States, yet it often flies under the radar until later stages.
Understanding what it is, how it develops, and the steps you can take to catch it early can make a huge difference. From symptoms to screening, here’s what you need to know to stay informed.
What Is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer tends to form in the colon or rectum. The majority of cases begin with small growths called polyps.
It’s important to note that not all polyps turn into cancer. But, some can become malignant over time if left untreated. The most common type is called an adenocarcinoma, which develops in the lining of the colon or rectum.
Regular screenings such as colonoscopies are key because they allow doctors to find and remove polyps before they progress. This is why guidelines now recommend starting routine screening at age 45, and sometimes earlier if you have specific risks.
Common Colorectal Cancer Symptoms
The tricky thing about colorectal cancer symptoms is that they often show up late, when the disease has already advanced. Still, there are some important signs to look out for:
Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding
Changes in bowel movements, such as persistent diarrhea or constipation
Unexplained abdominal pain or cramping
Sudden weight loss without trying
Since these symptoms can overlap with less serious conditions, it’s easy to dismiss them. But, if something feels unusual or persistent, it’s best to check in with your doctor.
Known Causes and Risk Factors
When it comes to colorectal cancer causes, there isn’t one single trigger. Instead, it develops from a mix of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Some polyps carry a higher likelihood of becoming cancerous, especially if they’re larger or show certain cell changes under a microscope.
In terms of colorectal cancer risk factors, here are some that experts point to most often:
A family history of colon or rectal cancer
Genetic conditions such as Lynch syndrome
Diets high in red or processed meats and low in fiber
Excess body weight
Smoking or heavy alcohol use
Lack of physical activity
Some studies have even suggested new possible links, such as intense endurance exercise and precancerous polyps, though more research is needed before drawing conclusions.
How Doctors Diagnose Colorectal Cancer
Early colorectal cancer diagnosis relies heavily on screening. Colonoscopies are the gold standard since they allow for both detection and removal of polyps during the same procedure.
Stool-based tests, such as fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), can also help flag concerns and determine if further testing is needed.
If cancer is a concern, imaging scans and biopsies can confirm the diagnosis and help determine the stage. The earlier it’s found, the more treatment options are available, and the higher the chances of success.
Treatment Options to Know About
Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. For many, surgery is the first step, especially if the cancer is still localized.
Chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies may follow, depending on how advanced the cancer is and whether it has spread.
For those at a higher risk, preventative measures such as lifestyle changes and more frequent screenings can play an important part in reducing their overall risk.
Staying Aware and Proactive
Colorectal cancer may be serious, but it’s also highly preventable and treatable when caught early. Knowing the symptoms, understanding the risk factors, and committing to regular screenings can save lives.
Taking small steps now, from adding more fiber to your diet, to having open conversations with your doctor, could make a big difference later. Most of all, staying informed is one of the best tools you can have in your kit.
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