Kissing Bug Disease Now Endemic in the US: What You Need to Know About Chagas
Chagas disease, a potentially deadly condition caused by parasites carried by kissing bugs, should now be considered endemic in the United States, according to infectious disease experts. Without increased awareness and prevention, more people could face serious complications.
A recent report published in the CDC’s Emerging Infectious Diseases journal emphasizes the need for surveillance, testing, and public health efforts across the country.
“We’ve been waiting for recognition that this disease exists in our communities,” said Dr. Norman Beatty, a coauthor of the report and infectious disease specialist at the University of Florida.
How Chagas Spreads
Chagas is primarily transmitted when triatomine bugs, known as kissing bugs, bite humans while they sleep. The bugs defecate near the bite, and the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi can enter the body when the feces are accidentally rubbed into the eyes, nose, or mouth.
The disease can also spread through contaminated food, blood transfusions, organ transplants, or pregnancy.
Early symptoms include fever, body aches, rash, headache, vomiting, and fatigue. While some infections resolve, 20–30% of cases progress to severe complications such as heart failure, stroke, digestive disorders, or death. Early treatment with benznidazole or nifurtimox is effective, but delayed diagnosis reduces effectiveness.
Where Chagas Is Found in the US
Kissing bugs have been found in 32 states, mostly in the warmer South. Climate change may allow the insects to expand their range. Mammals like raccoons, armadillos, opossums, and even pets can carry the parasite. Human cases have been documented in eight states, including Texas, Arizona, and California.
Experts say Chagas may be underreported because most states don’t require physicians to notify authorities when a case occurs.
Public Health Implications
Declaring Chagas endemic in the US could transform public health awareness and policy. “When it’s recognized as a local problem, it becomes a priority for surveillance and prevention,” said Dr. Mario J. Grijalva, director of Ohio University’s Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute.
While mosquito control programs are widespread, similar strategies for kissing bugs are virtually nonexistent. Individuals can reduce risk by sealing homes, using window screens, and maintaining vigilance in bug-prone areas.
In Florida, about 30% of captured kissing bugs carry the parasite. Residents often send specimens to Dr. Beatty’s team for testing. “People are scared, and they have a right to be,” he said.
Awareness and early testing remain critical, as Chagas is treatable if detected promptly. Experts hope increased recognition will spur research, public health campaigns, and preventive measures nationwide.
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